Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Kendaraan Otonom: Tinjauan Sistematis terhadap Tren dan Tantangan Masa Depan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61844/jemmtec.v5i01.1366Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Vehicles, WorkforceAbstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key element in the development of autonomous vehicles, which are expected to revolutionize modern transportation by delivering greater efficiency, safety, and comfort. This study aims to present a systematic review of current trends and future challenges in the application of AI in autonomous vehicles. The study includes an analysis of various AI technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, predictive control, safety, and adaptability to dynamic road conditions. Furthermore, the study explores the AI skills most needed by the current and future workforce in the autonomous vehicle industry. Results: Machine learning, deep learning, predictive control, and visual perception systems are key technologies in creating vehicles that are capable of making decisions independently and responsive to changing road conditions. Furthermore, AI's ability to manage energy and improve safety is crucial for the sustainability of this industry. Therefore, developing skills in AI is not only an urgent need for the current workforce but also a foundation for the future growth of the autonomous vehicle industry.
References
[1] E. S. Soegoto, R. D. Utami, and Y. A. Hermawan, “Influence of artificial intelligence in automotive industry,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1402, no. 6, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1402/6/066081.
[2] O. Bungkundapu and G. N. Tayaya, “Exploring The Use Of Artificial Intelligence Technology In Improving Personalization Of Product Marketing Strategies : A Case Study On The Automotive Industry,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 66–72, 2023.
[3] M. Rana and K. Hossain, “Connected and Autonomous Vehicles and Infrastructures : A Literature Review,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 264–284, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s42947-021-00130-1.
[4] F. Duarte, C. Ratti, and F. Duarte, “The Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Cities : A Review The Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Cities : A Review,” J. Urban Technol., vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–16, 2018, doi: 10.1080/10630732.2018.1493883.
[5] M. Akhshik, A. Bilton, J. Tjong, C. V. Singh, O. Faruk, and M. Sain, “Prediction of greenhouse gas emissions reductions via machine learning algorithms: Toward an artificial intelligence-based life cycle assessment for automotive lightweighting,” Sustain. Mater. Technol., vol. 31, no. December 2021, p. e00370, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00370.
[6] M. Elahi, S. O. Afolaranmi, J. L. Martinez Lastra, and J. A. Perez Garcia, A comprehensive literature review of the applications of AI techniques through the lifecycle of industrial equipment, vol. 3, no. 1. Springer International Publishing, 2023. doi: 10.1007/s44163-023-00089-x.
[7] E. Transparan, P. Zebua, and P. Rosyani, “Perancangan Deteksi Objek Kendaraan Bermotor Berbasis OpenCV Python menggunakan Metode HOG-SVM untuk Analisis Lalu Lintas Cerdas,” vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–26, 2024.
[8] E. Morooka, A. M. Junior, T. F. A. C. Sigahi, and J. D. S. Pinto, “Deep Learning and Autonomous Vehicles : Strategic Themes , Applications , and Research Agenda Using SciMAT and Content-Centric Analysis , a Systematic Review,” pp. 763–781, 2023.
[9] B. Patra and A. Mahalwar, “Deep Learning in Autonomous Vehicles : A Review,” vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1686–1690, 2020.
[10] I. O. P. C. Series and M. Science, “Application of Machine learning Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicles Navigation System Application of Machine learning Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicles Navigation System,” 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/912/6/062028.
[11] T. M. Vu, R. Moezzi, J. Cyrus, and J. Hlava, “Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Driving Vehicles,” 2021.
[12] V. Using, C. Inexpensive, and P. Control, “Battery Energy Management of Autonomous Electric Vehicles Using Computationally Inexpensive Model Predictive Control,” pp. 1–19, 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9081277.
[13] S. Yu, M. Hirche, Y. Huang, H. Chen, and F. Allgöwer, “Model predictive control for autonomous ground vehicles : a review,” pp. 1–17, 2021.
[14] M. Michałowska and M. Ogłoziński, “Autonomous Vehicles and Road Safety BT - Smart Solutions in Today’s Transport,” J. Mikulski, Ed., Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 191–202.
[15] R. Mariani, An overview of autonomous vehicles safety. 2018. doi: 10.1109/IRPS.2018.8353618.
[16] S. M. Hosseinian and H. Mirzahossein, “Efficiency and Safety of Traffic Networks Under the Effect of Autonomous Vehicles,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1861–1885, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s40996-023-01291-8.
[17] P. Koopman and M. Wagner, “Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An Interdisciplinary Challenge | Philip Koopman | Pulse | LinkedIn,” Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org, pp. 90–96, 2017, [Online]. Available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/autonomous-vehicle-safety-interdisciplinary-challenge-philip-koopman
[18] S. Lee et al., “Intelligent traffic control for autonomous vehicle systems based on machine learning,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 144, p. 113074, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113074.
[19] S. Zheng, J. Wang, C. Rizos, W. Ding, and A. El-Mowafy, “Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for Autonomous Driving: Concept and Analysis,” Remote Sens., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1–41, 2023, doi: 10.3390/rs15041156.
[20] Q. Zou, Q. Sun, L. Chen, B. Nie, and Q. Li, “A Comparative Analysis of LiDAR SLAM-Based Indoor Navigation for Autonomous Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 6907–6921, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3063477.
[21] J. Cheng, L. Zhang, Q. Chen, X. Hu, and J. Cai, “A review of visual SLAM methods for autonomous driving vehicles,” Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., vol. 114, no. October 2021, p. 104992, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2022.104992.
[22] I. Budhiraja, N. Kumar, H. Sharma, M. Elhoseny, Y. Lakys, and J. Rodrigues, “Latency-Energy Tradeoff in Connected Autonomous Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Scheme,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. PP, pp. 1–13, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3215523.
[23] S. Mozaffari, O. Y. Al-Jarrah, M. Dianati, P. Jennings, and A. Mouzakitis, “Deep Learning-Based Vehicle Behavior Prediction for Autonomous Driving Applications: A Review,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 33–47, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2020.3012034.
[24] K. Mason and S. Grijalva, “A review of reinforcement learning for autonomous building energy management,” Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 78, pp. 300–312, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.07.019.
[25] Z. Zhu, Z. Hu, W. Dai, H. Chen, and Z. Lv, “Deep learning for autonomous vehicle and pedestrian interaction safety,” Saf. Sci., vol. 145, no. April 2021, p. 105479, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105479.
[26] J. Fayyad, M. A. Jaradat, D. Gruyer, and H. Najjaran, “Deep learning sensor fusion for autonomous vehicle perception and localization: A review,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 1–34, 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20154220.
[27] D. Ramakrishnan and K. Radhakrishnan, “Applying Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) Algorithm in the Cloud Autonomous Vehicles Traffic Model,” Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 186–194, 2022, doi: 10.34028/iajit/19/2/5.
[28] S. Jana, Y. Tian, K. Pei, and B. Ray, “DeepTest: Automated testing of deep-neural-network-driven autonomous cars,” Proc. - Int. Conf. Softw. Eng., vol. 2018-May, pp. 303–314, 2018, doi: 10.1145/3180155.3180220.
[29] A. Khosroshahi, E. Ohn-Bar, and M. M. Trivedi, “Surround vehicles trajectory analysis with recurrent neural networks,” IEEE Conf. Intell. Transp. Syst. Proceedings, ITSC, pp. 2267–2272, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795922.
[30] Y. Jeong, “Interactive Lane Keeping System for Autonomous Vehicles Using LSTM-RNN Considering Driving Environments,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 24, 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22249889.
[31] Y. Li and J. Ibanez-guzman, “Lidar for Autonomous Driving,” no. July, pp. 50–61, 2020.
[32] I. Bilik, O. Longman, S. Villeval, and J. Tabrikian, “The Rise of Radar for Autonomous Vehicles: Signal processing solutions and future research directions,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 20–31, 2019, doi: 10.1109/MSP.2019.2926573.
[33] D. J. Yeong, G. Velasco-hernandez, J. Barry, and J. Walsh, “Sensor and sensor fusion technology in autonomous vehicles: A review,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1–37, 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21062140.
[34] J. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Huang, and J. Zhao, “Safety of Autonomous Vehicles,” J. Adv. Transp., vol. 2020, no. i, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/8867757.
[35] C. B. S. T. Molina, J. R. De Almeida, L. F. Vismari, R. I. R. Gonzalez, J. K. Naufal, and J. B. Camargo, “Assuring Fully Autonomous Vehicles Safety by Design: The Autonomous Vehicle Control (AVC) Module Strategy,” Proc. - 47th Annu. IEEE/IFIP Int. Conf. Dependable Syst. Networks Work. DSN-W 2017, pp. 16–21, 2017, doi: 10.1109/DSN-W.2017.14.
[36] K. Nived Maanyu, D. Goutham Raj, R. Vamsi Krishna, and S. Bhargava Choubey, “A Study on Tesla Autopilot,” Issue, vol. 171, no. 171, p. 1, 2020, [Online]. Available: www.ijspr.com
[37] S. L. Lin and B. C. Lin, “Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicle Navigation: An Optimized Path Planning Approach Leveraging Model Predictive Control,” Comput. Mater. Contin., vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 3555–3572, 2024, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2024.055456.
[38] C. Guo, J. Mu, J. Zhang, and L. Heng, “Model Predictive Control Based Path Planner Design for On-road Autonomous Tractor Trailer Vehicles,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 58, no. 18, pp. 59–64, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.09.010.
[39] C. Liu, S. Lee, S. Varnhagen, and H. E. Tseng, “Path planning for autonomous vehicles using model predictive control,” IEEE Intell. Veh. Symp. Proc., no. Iv, pp. 174–179, 2017, doi: 10.1109/IVS.2017.7995716.
[40] T. Xu and H. Yuan, “Autonomous vehicle active safety system based on path planning and predictive control,” Chinese Control Conf. CCC, vol. 2016-Augus, pp. 8889–8895, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ChiCC.2016.7554777.
[41] D. Fényes, B. Németh, and P. Gáspar, “A predictive control for autonomous vehicles using big data analysis,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 191–196, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.09.031.
[42] X. Shang, J. Wang, and Y. Zheng, “Smoothing Mixed Traffic with Robust Data-driven Predictive Control for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles,” in 2024 American Control Conference (ACC), 2024, pp. 2266–2272. doi: 10.23919/ACC60939.2024.10645044.
[43] Y. Liang, Y. Li, A. Khajepour, Y. Huang, Y. Qin, and L. Zheng, “A Novel Combined Decision and Control Scheme for Autonomous Vehicle in Structured Road Based on Adaptive Model Predictive Control,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 16083–16097, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3147972.
[44] E. Filippi, M. Bannò, and S. Trento, “Automation technologies and their impact on employment: A review, synthesis and future research agenda,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 191, no. March, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122448.
[45] R. Bukartaite and D. Hooper, “Automation, artificial intelligence and future skills needs: an Irish perspective,” Eur. J. Train. Dev., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 163–185, 2023, doi: 10.1108/EJTD-03-2023-0045.
[46] S. K. Baral, R. C. Rath, R. Goel, and T. Singh, “Role of Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence for Monitoring Talent Strategies to Bridge the Skill Gap,” in 2022 International Mobile and Embedded Technology Conference (MECON), 2022, pp. 582–587. doi: 10.1109/MECON53876.2022.9751837.
[47] L. Babashahi et al., “AI in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Skill Transformation in the Industry,” Adm. Sci., vol. 14, no. 6, 2024, doi: 10.3390/admsci14060127.
[48] A. Jurczuk and A. Florea, “Future-Oriented Digital Skills for Process Design and Automation,” Hum. Technol., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 122–142, 2022, doi: 10.14254/1795-6889.2022.18-2.3.






